2013年12月27日 星期五

語言的嘲諷意味

大家學習英語一定會碰到形容詞或副詞的比較級(comparative),對以下的句子應該不會感到陌生:

1. There were more women than men in the demonstration.
2. Though being younger, Nigel runs faster than Jerry.
3. At this moment, Obama gets more vote than Hillary.
4. The Guardian sells better than The Independent.
5. Rosie grows taller than her elder sister Lesley.
6. In the singing competition, Celina performed better than Flora.
7. The naval officer has a higher rank than the army officer.
8. My Grandma lived longer than my grandpa by 5 years.

上面的句子中,除了比較級和 than 用上粗體以外,還有一些名詞和動詞也同樣以粗體標示,其實筆者這次話題的焦點不在於比較級,而是一個和比較級有緊密關係的用詞:out

如果你平時多查閱詞典或細閱報章雜誌,不難察覺以 out- 作為前綴(prefix)所衍生的一系列詞語,out- 這個前綴若用得恰當,一來可省略多餘的字數,二來會令句子讀起來簡潔有力。以上八個例句皆可以用一個 out- 為首的詞代替:

1. Women outnumbered men in the demonstration.
2. Though being younger, Nigel outruns Jerry.
3. At this moment, Obama outvotes Hillary.
4. The Guardian outsells The Independent.
5. Rosie outgrows her elder sister Lesley.
6. In the singing competition, Celina outperformed (or outshone) Flora.
7. The naval officer outranks the army officer.
8. My Grandma outlived my grandpa by 5 years.

不過,單單學了這些詞還不夠,應該要再學得更深入一點。在比較級的句子中,英語和漢語有點不同,漢語習慣突出優勝的一方,所以華文報紙上經常出現「超越」、「勝過」、「優於」、「擊倒」等此類表揚勝方的用詞,英語則剛剛相反,不知英美國家是否喜歡挖苦、挑剔或嘲諷落敗的一方,喜歡突出輸家,給他們一個落井下石,幸災樂禍,所以上面有些句子雖然合乎文法,但地道的英語用被動式會比較常見,例如:

1. Men were outnumbered by women in the demonstration.(反映男性的不濟)
2. At this moment, Hillary is outvoted by Obama.
(反映政治立場)
3. The Independent was outsold by The Guardian.
(顯示調查員閱報的偏頗)
4. In the singing competition, Flora was outperformed (or outshone) by Celina.
(暗示賽果爆冷)
5. The army is outranked by the naval officer.
(顯示階級上的分野)
另外幾句關於跑步、身高和壽命,若沒有諷刺的必要,一般不會用被動式。

由此可見,英語運用起來比漢語更有一番冷嘲熱諷的味道,切勿小覷語言上的細微差別,實際上已可窺探不同民族的思考模式。

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